how to craft each component of an annotation.

Submit: Annotation of a Quantitative Research Article

This week, you will submit the annotation of a quantitative research article on a topic of your interest.

An annotation consists of three separate paragraphs that cover three respective components: summary, analysis, and application. These three components convey the relevance and value of the source. As such, an annotation demonstrates your critical thinking about, and authority on, the source. This week’s annotation is a precursor to the annotated bibliography assignment due in Week 10.

An annotated bibliography is a document containing selected sources accompanied by a respective annotation of each source. In preparation for your own future research, an annotated bibliography provides a background for understanding a portion of the existing literature on a particular topic. It is also a useful first step in gathering sources in preparation for writing a subsequent literature review as part of a dissertation.

Please review the assignment instructions below and click on the underlined works for information about how to craft each component of an annotation.

It is recommended that you use the grading rubric as a self-evaluation tool before submitting your assignment.

By Day 7

  • Annotate one quantitative      research article from a peer-reviewed      journal on a topic of your interest.
    • Provide the reference list entry for this article in       APA Style followed by a three-paragraph annotation that includes:
      • A summary
      • An analysis
      • An application as illustrated in this example

Format your annotation in Times New Roman, 12-point font, double-spaced. A separate References list page is not needed for this assignment.

  • Submit       your annotation.

explain what it means for a research topic to be amenable to scientific study using a quantitative approach.

Researchers consider validity and reliability with each new study they design. This is because validity and reliability are not fixed but rather reflect a particular study’s unique variables, research design, instruments, and participants.

In the context of research design, two types of validity, which speak to the quality of different features of the research process, are considered: internal validity and external validity. Assuming that the findings of a research study are internally valid—i.e., the researcher has used controls to determine that the outcome is indeed due to manipulation of the independent variable or the treatment—external validity refers to the extent to which the findings can be generalized from the sample to the population or to other settings and groups. Reliability refers to the replicability of the findings.

For this Discussion, you will consider threats to internal and external validity in quantitative research and the strategies used to mitigate these threats. You will also consider the ethical implications of designing quantitative research.

With these thoughts in mind:

By Day 4

Post an explanation of a threat to internal validity and a threat to external validity in quantitative research. Next, explain a strategy to mitigate each of these threats. Then, identify a potential ethical issue in quantitative research and explain how it might influence design decisions. Finally, explain what it means for a research topic to be amenable to scientific study using a quantitative approach.

Be sure to support your Main Issue Post and Response Post with reference to the week’s Learning Resources and other scholarly evidence in APA Style.Babbie, E. (2017) Basics of social research (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

· Chapter 3, “The Ethics and Politics of Social Research”

Burkholder, G. J., Cox, K. A., & Crawford, L. M. (2016). The scholar-practitioner’s guide to research design. Baltimore, MD: Laureate Publishing.

· Chapter 7, “Quality Considerations”

 

Babbie, E. (2017) Basics of social research (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Chapter 3, “The Ethics and Politics of Social Research”

describe why your conflict would be a good candidate for mediation by explaining how it fits into the spectrum of each condition.

pplication: Mediation

As noted in your text, research shows that mediation is a useful and important approach to conflict resolution. It is used at all levels of conflict, from interpersonal to international. It is used informally and formally, and in situations with greater and lesser complexity in terms of the issues at the center of the conflict, the number of parties in the conflict, the history that underlies the conflict, and a myriad of other features. Because mediation is so widely applicable, it is the subject of this Application Assignment.

To prepare for this assignment:

  • Review Chapter 34, “The Mediation of Conflict,” on pages 817-836 & 843 -844 and the Conclusion of the course text, The Handbook of Conflict Resolution. Pay particular attention to the conditions for effective mediation and factors that indicate situations in which mediation might be helpful.
  • Select a conflict that interests you which, according to the factors and conditions articulated in the text, might benefit from mediation. It may be the conflict for your Final Project, one in your personal or professional life, or one in the world that interests you.

The assignment: (2-3 pages)

  • Describe the situation that you selected as a candidate for mediation. Include basic information about the conflict itself, the parties involved, issues related to the conflict, and any other information that helps to represent the conflict.
  • Apply the six conditions associated with decreased mediation success to the conflict that you chose. Using these as a gauge, describe why your conflict would be a good candidate for mediation by explaining how it fits into the spectrum of each condition.
  • Apply the factors that suggest the use of mediation, again by explaining how your conflict meets these “requirements.”

How would you attribute success to maximize future achievement if your child announces the intention to “just to be a C student”?

Write a succinct and persuasive at-a-glance document explaining the benefits of classroom observation and consultation with an educational psychologist.

Note: The assessments in this course build upon each other, so you are strongly encouraged to complete them in sequence.

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Educational psychologists are often hired by school districts to identify ways to improve learner outcomes.

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

Competency 1: Describe the current issues, parameters, and central tenets that define the specialization of educational psychology.

Explain the role of an educational psychologist and benefits to teachers and students.

Competency 5: Explain how educational psychology models enhance learner engagement and mediate issues of learning and performance.

Describe factors that could impact classroom management.

Describe factors that could impact student motivation and engagement.

Explain how an educational psychology aligns learning techniques to skill development by age and ability level to enhance skill development.

Competency 7: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and consistent with university expectations for graduate education, including discipline knowledge and current APA formatting standards.

Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics, and correctly format citations using APA style.

Classroom Management

Some approaches to classroom management work better than others. The goal for teachers should be to produce competent and self-regulated individuals. A teacher sets the classroom environment to enhance intrinsic motivation by engaging the students with four intrinsic rewards: a sense of meaningfulness, a sense of choice, a sense of competence, and a sense of progress (Thomas, 2009).

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Motivation

According to Pintrich and Schunk (1996), “Motivation is the process whereby goal directed behavior is instigated and sustained” (p. 4). We could discuss the skills necessary to be a good student and a good teacher all quarter, but if the student is not motivated, we all know that learning will not take place. In this assessment, we explore the construct of motivation, a topic that is inextricably tied to learning.

References

Pintrich, P. R. & Schunk, D. H. (1996). Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Thomas, K. (2009). Intrinsic motivation at work: What really drives employee management (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of the business community.

SHOW LESS

How would you attribute success to maximize future achievement if your child announces the intention to “just to be a C student”?

How would you explain views of motivation to parents, such as: behavioral view, the social cognitive view, etc.?

Are the approaches to classroom management situational?

Does one approach work better that another, depending on the situation?

What are the the pros and cons of using an authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative approach to classroom management?

Preparation

Teachers are wary of classroom observation. Many feel judged and defensive. Your task in this assessment is to persuade teachers of the benefits of a classroom observation and consultation. Since teachers do not have time to read an article, a long email with an attachment, or a complex memo, create a very succinct, high-level explanation in the form of an at-a-glance document, something typically used in business. These documents often take the form of a question and answer sheet, and there are numerous examples from business training and government on the Internet that you may wish to examine before beginning this assessment.

Scenario

Imagine that you are a consultant in educational psychology for an institution that serves children ages 14–18. You have been hired to observe the learning environment and provide recommendations that will improve classroom management, motivation, engagement, and student performance.

Although the education institution hired you for this consultation, it will be important to prepare a brief introduction to the teachers you will be helping. In other words, you have to sell teachers on the benefits of consulting with an educational psychologist, in order to gain their trust and cooperation.

Deliverable

Create a one- to two-page at-a-glance document for teachers. The purpose of an at-a-glance document is to impart information in an easily scannable, comprehensible, and succinct format.

Sub-headings help the reader quickly locate information in a text-only format. You may decide to use an illustrated approach using graphics. You may use bullet points and phrases to succinctly explain the benefits of classroom observation and consultation with an educational psychologist. There is no correct way to format this document. Use whatever format you wish to create a document that meets the criteria below, is persuasive, and easy to read.

Include the following in your document:

Explain the role of an educational psychologist.

Explain how the results will help teachers in the classroom.

Explain how students will benefit.

Describe factors that could impact classroom management.

Briefly explain why each factor is important to improve classroom management.

Describe factors that could impact student motivation and engagement.

Briefly explain why each factor is important to improve student motivation and engagement.

Explain how an educational psychology aligns learning techniques by age and ability level to enhance skill development.

Provide examples of learning techniques for skill development for the age group.

Additional Requirements

Written communication: Writing is free of errors that detract from the overall message.

Length: 2 pages.

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    cf_apa_paper_template1intoedupsych.docx
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    ConsultationataGlanceScoringGuide.html

Assess how knowing one’s personality type can benefit them personally and professionally.

Prior to beginning work on this discussion, read Chapter 7 from the Harré (2006) e-book as well as the required Maslow (1943), Freud (1910), Bandura (1999), and the United States Office of Personnel Management (n.d.) articles.

One approach to understanding personality is using trait theories. The most influential trait approach contends that five traits, or factors called the “Big 5,” lie at the core of personality. The five factors are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (Emotional Stability).

This week, you will complete two different versions of the Big 5 Personality Test. First, go through the Qualtrics platform (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. to take the complete test online (note – you will not receive results from the online assessment as this portion of the assignment is more about the experience of taking this type of assessment online). After you have completed the online test, you will see a link to download the Big Five Personality Short Form document version. Click the link and save the Big Five Personality Short Form document to your computer. Complete and score the short form version within the downloaded document. Once you have completed both the online and document versions attach the completed document short form to your initial post. In the discussion forum analyze and briefly explain the Big 5 Personality Test as a scientific tool. Detail your experience with both the online and document versions and give your opinion as to which of the two provided the better experience. Be sure to cite specific reasons for your statements.

Using the PSY600 Making Sense of the Big 5 Personality Short Form tool as a guide, analyze the results from your document version. (Note: This is for educational purposes. There is no right or wrong personality type.) Assess how accurate the results are based on your understanding of yourself and the results as analyzed. Refute any areas with which you disagree providing examples which may disprove the assessment results. Evaluate the contemporary applications of personality tests today using the information provided in the United States Office of Personnel Management (n.d.) article on assessment and selection. Assess how knowing one’s personality type can benefit them personally and professionally.

Evaluate Phillip Markoff’s personality

Prior to beginning work on this discussion, read the transcript Seven Day of Rage: The Craigslist Killer from CBS News and review Chapter 7 from the Harré (2006) e-book as well as the Maslow (1943), Freud (1910), and Bandura (1999) articles.

In this discussion you will assume the role of a Psychology instructor creating a short graduate level presentation on personality. The case study for the presentation will center on Phillip Markoff, also known as an alleged Craigslist Killer. To begin, choose one of the personality theories from the required readings and research a minimum of one peer-reviewed article on your chosen theory in the Ashford University Library. Create a PowerPoint presentation of four-seven slides (not including the title and reference slides). The presentation must begin with a Title slide that provides the title of the lecture, your name, the course name and number, your instructor’s name and the date submitted. The presentation must end with a Reference slide that includes all the resources used for your lecture presentation cited in APA format as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

The body of the presentation must include the following elements.

  • Provide a definition and brief description of the chosen theory.
  • Evaluate Phillip Markoff’s personality from the standpoint of your chosen theory.
  • Explain how the chosen theoretical perspective provides insights into Markoff’s behavior.

For assistance in creating effective PowerPoint presentations you may access Garr Reynolds’s Top Ten Slide Tips (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. . Be certain to support your statements within the presentation with a minimum of three references. These may include up to two required resources for this week.

Once you have created your PowerPoint, you will present your lecture in a screencast. You may use any screencasting software you choose. (Quick-start guides are available for Screen-Cast-O-Matic for your convenience.) It is recommended that you create a script for, and practicing your lecture presentation before recording it as you will be limited to a screencast of no more than five minutes. Although you are required to include the Title and Reference slides in the presentation, you should not read these slides during the screencast. Create the screencast of your lecture presentation using the software of your choice. Attach your PowerPoint presentation to your initial post and copy and paste the URL for your screencast into your discussion forum response before submitting it.  NOTE: Every effort should be made to create a screencast (as this is something you will be required to do across the program). However, if you cannot do so for any reason, please post your power point along with the written script that you would have used for your lecture.

Note to Students: This assignment requires that you produce a visual presentation, supply a spoken audio narrative, and to listen the audio narrative of others.

Does familism promote psychological well-being? 

Familism and a Changing Society

THIS DISCUSSION SHOULD BE NO LESS THAN 300 WORDS AND APA FORMAT

  • Many regard the family as a real strength in the Latino community, but is this always the case?  What are the positive and negative aspects of familism?
  • Research the web for information on familism.  Does familism promote psychological well-being?  Do men or women benefit more from familism?
  • Around the world, it appears familism is coming to an end.  What are the economic, political and cultural implications of the changes underway in the traditional family unit?
  • What are your experiences with family?  Are you familiar with the concept of familism?  How do you personally feel about extended family and how it affects family life and career? (IM AFRICAN AMERICAN)

How important do you find social and cultural capital to your family and future?

 THIS DISCUSSION IS NO LESS THAN 300 WORDS AND APA FORMAT.

Social and Cultural Capital

When trying to comprehend the persistence of racial and ethnic inequality, social scientists find it useful to think in terms of social and cultural capital.  French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu popularized the terms social and cultural capital to refer to assets that are not necessarily economic but have an impact on economic capital for one’s family and future.  Less cultural and social capital are passed on through generations which can make it difficult to overcome deficits.  Racial and ethnic minorities reproduce disadvantage while Whites are more likely to reproduce privilege.

Please read pages 245-247 in your text and view the videos provided in the assignment.  In your essay this week, respond to the following:

  • Define cultural and social capital and provide examples.
  • Describe why White Americans are less likely to be concerned with social and cultural capital.
  • How important do you find social and cultural capital to your family and future?

 

Social Capital

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sts9upOA9EU

Cultural Capital

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DBEYiBkgp8

Why do people prefer drugs to therapy?

The profession of psychology is under heavy scrutiny with that officials in the American Psychological Association (APA) colluded with the Department of Defense, tailoring its established ethics (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. policies so that they comported with DOD preferences after the 9/11 attacks. Although those senior officials have resigned or retired in the wake of the scandal, the entire affair has the potential to tarnish the reputation of the thousands of licensed clinical psychologists working in the field who provide ethically responsible mentalhealth services.It would be a shame if the clients who stand to benefit from these services turned away from the psychological interventions that have the potential to help them. Psychotherapy (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. is known to be an effective treatment for a wide range of psychological disorders. Yet, even before news of the APA scandal hit the press, the average person seeking help has tended to seek psychiatric (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. drugs rather than psychotherapy. Antidepressants and antianxiety medications are among the leading prescription drugs not only in the US We think nothing of getting a prescription filled for one of these psychotropic medications that we may obtain, from a medical professional.  However, you should be concerned that these drugs may not only fail to treat your psychological symptoms but can have a host of adverse side effects. (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College Richard Friedman, writes that “American psychiatry is facing a quandary: Despite a vast investment in basic neuroscience (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. research and its rich intellectual promise, we have little to show for it on the treatment front.” Echoing the concern that we are an overmedicated world when it comes to psychological disorders, he notes that even the newer and supposedly better new drugs are no more effective than the old ones. Almost all (95%) of the federal dollars spent on mental health research go to drugs, not psychotherapy, in clinical trials.

Indeed, if you turn on the television for an ordinary half hour of news, you’ll be assaulted not only by ads for heartburn, psoriasis, b ut for the medications aimed at treating depression (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., bipolar disorder (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. and anxiety. The only reason there aren’t more ads for schizophrenia (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., I suppose, is that the disorder is far more rare and therefore not “worth it” for advertisers to promote. It sounds, from these ads, that these medications are the key to picking up or lowering your mood as needed and resolving that irksome anxiety  (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.you can’t seem to shake off. As long as you don’t pay attention to the many side effects the advertisers are required to list, you may be ready to follow the advertiser’s advice and “ask your doctor.”

Unfortunately, these ads are working too well. Friedman cites an  acticle by Kathryn McHugh and colleagues, of the well-respected McLean Hospital showing that the vast majority of people seeking treatment for depression and anxiety disorders prefer pharmacological to psychological interventions by a ratio of 3 to 1.

As McHugh and colleagues note: “The past 10 years have seen a substantial increase in the prescription of  antidepressantst (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. medications, which surpassed all others as the most commonly prescribed class of medication (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. in the US in 2005. There is also evidence of a concurrent decrease in patients receiving psychological treatment. However, the available data on patient preference, efficacy, and cost-efficacy for depression and anxiety do not support this trend, and imply that many patients are not engaged in their preferred psychological treatment” (p. 7). article continues after advertisement  Psychologists in all but three states in the U.S. (Illinois, Louisiana, and New Mexico) are not allowed to prescribe medications, so it’s not even an option for people outside these states to receive psychotropic medications directly from their therapist, assuming the therapist isn’t a psychiatrist.  However, the evidence cited by McHugh agrees with the majority of studies on theraoy effectiveness showing the advantages of skipping the drugs altogether.

Why, then, do people prefer drugs to therapy? We can get some clues from a recent study published by Cincinnati VA psychologist Jeremiah Schumm and colleagues (2015) on the preferences of veterans for treatment of  PTSD.  The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has made treatment of PTSD a priority, for obvious reasons.

The evidence-based guidelines for PTSD treatment include offering (CPT) and  (PE) therapy. Medications (such as benzodiazepines) are not recommended because “there are no demonstrated benefits of these medications in treating PTSD. These medications have possible harmful side effects including the risk for addiction overdose in combination with alcohol, and interference with benefits of some psychotherapies” (p. 78).

Yet, when Schumm offered a choice of CPT or PE treatments to veterans either with our without medications, the veterans showed a similar bias as patients in general with only 30% preferring psychotherapy alone.  Schumm and his colleagues conclude that the best service psychologists can offer their clients is educational information about their treatment options.  In fact, the majority of veterans in this study reported high levels of satisfaction with an orientation group provided before therapy to inform them about the options available to